Saturday, December 28, 2019

Organizational Effectiveness in the Criminal Justice System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1221 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Review Tags: Criminal Justice Essay Justice Essay Did you like this example? Organizational Effectiveness Organizational effectivenessis termed as the devise of how proficient an organization is in reaching the goals the organization has set. Since of the a variety of types of apparent objectives, organizations analyze their effectiveness in different ways when appraised to further organizations, in addition to those equivalent in output.[ Steers, R. M.] Consecutively to appraise the criminal justice personnel effectiveness, principle which illustrate an effectively managed program have got to be initially be enlarged. A criminal justice system may perhaps consist of court officers, correction officers, line officers, probation and parole officers, investigators, and childwelfarespecialists, over and above the entire administrativepersonnelnecessitated to maneuver the system. Activities of Criminal justice system are varied. In any setting to recognize organizational effectiveness, one have got to describe it as per to the organizationa l goals. Managers in a criminal justice surroundings have got to pertain a variety of organizational effectiveness theories appropriately to compute the departmental effectiveness. Managers have got to as well exert control to definite degree to accomplish utmost effectiveness. Once managers compute and attain organizational effectiveness, organizational success is approximately definite. Organizational effectiveness diverse definitions exist, primarily since the organizational effectiveness varies from business to business. A lot of people would describe organizational effectiveness as the outcome or output of the business and how it influences the preferred results. For instance, if an organizations objective is to add to sales profits, the organization might employ a variety of marketing techniques to fetch in additional customers to acquire their product. If the effect is additional customers acquiring their product as proposed, organizational effectiveness exists in this com pany since the organizational goals were attained. Since of the variety types of probable goals organizations compute their effectiveness in diverse ways when compared to further organizations, as well as those alike in output. Application of Organizational Effectiveness Theories Managers and leaders are competent of affecting scores of theories of organizational effectiveness to their corporation. A lot of theories covenant with motivation and how to take advantage of motivation to attain employees to carry out their work and attain the objectives of the organization. Managers as a rule take advantage of content theories and process theories to determine what motivates employees.[ Geering, A. D.] The main advantage of applying the theories of organizational effectiveness is having perceptive of mutually theories and knowing how to exploit each to inspire the employees to attain the objectives of the organization. In a criminal justice setting managers can utilize conten t theory, to detect what will motivate officers of law enforcement to get their job done. Better pay and incentives in conjunction with the want to breed relationships with further officers inspires police officers to carry out their job. Eagan (2008) recommended that more than one need most likely will be motivating for people: Alderfer proposed an â€Å"ERG Theory† (Existence-Relatedness-Growth), plenty of what Maslow proposed; conversely, he felt that more than one need perhaps will be pursued alongside and that if one is not competent to achieve a higher-level desire the want to satisfy the lower level desire will just about definitely increase. For instance, if one cannot attain a promotion, importance may perhaps be given to generating additional income in the present position. (Geering, A. D.) Process theories in setting of criminal justice center on what motivates officers to carry out their job. One instance of the process theory is the operant conditioning theory and how officers attain motivation performing their work. Through the operant conditioning theory Skinner advocates identical to Pavlovs classical conditioning theory, that a person gets a positive incentive when a person carry out a definite action. Consequently, if that person takes that action, positive incentives will carry on to take place and negative results will not ensue. When officers are familiar with that rewards can be achieved for issuing citations, or could be fired for not issuing them, they are expected to act in response in ways that convey benefits relatively than losses (Johnson, R. R. (2011). p. 303). Methods for Exerting Control There are various ways managers and leaders can take advantage of control in an organization. To sketch out how to exercise control, the managers have got to figure out the sort of organization. A bureaucratic organization is a top-down control organization that lets persons in the top management place employ control by transitor y down rules and directives to persons beneath them. This control outlines what the member of staff can and cannot do besides the consequences that probably will take place if the rules are not complied. Many people illustrate employees in a bureaucratic organization as senseless robots since they comply with the rules devoid of questioning them and do not have a state in how or who creates the rules. In simple words, the manager decides what to perform and the employees carry out that goals. Bottom-up empowerment organizations, or in agile organization, managers allow employees to engage in the construction of rules for the organization. Managers observe that the majority employees as equal as against superior to others and grade or position within the organization is customarily not vital. Faith is added as a factor in agile organizations since that managers allow employees to make choices that can have an effect on the whole organization, despite the fact that managers have go t to still exert control above their employees in agile organizations. The employ of management by objects lets managers to exert the control. Managers make available purposes or goals to employees and the employees are left to carry out the job in a way they see forceful to attain the goals. Managers’ present direction, on the other hand the employees set the procedure how to reach the goals. What becomes noticeable from the inspection of the processes of the criminal justice system is an evident depiction of an organization which has particularly specified rules and goals, however has just no instruments through which it can be implemented. In a bureaucratically and rule-bound structured system one discovers an extremely decentralized and absolutely non-hierarchical system of change, in which there are virtually no devices to administer practices and covered conformity to the set objectives of the organization. Due to shortage of such efficient compliance securing mechan isms, institutionalized long-term transformation is unsure. The organizational effectiveness lesson that a great deal of corporate America have studied is one that the American criminal justice system can additionally apply. Recidivism rates, Crime rates, and additional conventional bottom-line estimations have got to have improved basis in community wants and have to include a sensible set of performance standards. What one uncovers in the structure of criminal justice is particularly formalized and demarcated set of rules, goals, and norms nevertheless in addition to an organization which holds no corresponding set of incentives and sanctions to logically enforce them. Any influential debate of reform and proposals for transformation in the administration included by the American system of criminal justice would have to contract with this problematic nature and allocation of compliance-including mechanisms. Paradoxically, it appears to lead to a resolution necessitating additio nal bureaucracy, not less. References R. R. Johnson, (2011). Officer attitudes and management influences on police work productivity. American Journal of Criminal Justice : AJCJ, 36(4), 293-306. D. Geering, (1980). The current state of research on motivation. R. M. Steers, (1976). When Is an Organization Effective? A Process Approach to Understanding Effectiveness. Organizational Dynamics, 5(2), 50-63. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Organizational Effectiveness in the Criminal Justice System" essay for you Create order

Thursday, December 19, 2019

The Changing Family Revealed in Grapes of Wrath Essay

The Changing Family Revealed in Grapes of Wrath The emphasis on family in America is decreasing. Divorce rates, single-parent households, and children born out of wedlock are all increasing. Furthermore, instead of the network of aunts, uncles, grandparents, cousins, and other relatives that was prevalent in early America, Americans today are more distant from their extended family. As sociologist David Elkind said in a 1996 interview with Educational Leadership, Instead of togetherness, we have a new focus on autonomy. The individual becomes more important than the family (4). This means that one of the basic needs of humanity, belongingness and love, is very likely going unfilled in many people. The changing†¦show more content†¦Homelessness and exile are among the worst of conditions, alienation and estrangement, the feelings of great despair (Mack 59). During their exile, the Joads rest temporary in both hospitable and harsh environments, but none of these places is home. As Muley says in The Grapes of Wrath, Place where folks live is them folks (71). By losing their land and leaving behind their home and the past, the Joads are making the first step towards the disappearance of their old family. When Tom returns from his jail sentence, all of his family is living on Johns farm- Ma and Pa, Grampa and Granma, Al and Noah, Ruthie and Winifred. Rose of Sharon has married and brought Connie into the family unit, but marriage was long accepted to be a way of adding people to ones family. However, this unity isnt to last long. Grampa was too connected to the old place and died in spirit the minute they took him off of it (199). His physical body died soon after, and Granma was only a few days behind. In addition to the death of the eldest generation, the Joads also lost family members when Noah and Connie ran off, despite Mas addimence for keeping the family together. And finally, at the end of the book, Tom himself leaves to protect the family. The Joads dont just lose family members, however. During their travels, they encounter people who gain the status of honorary family, something almost unheard ofShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Grapes of Wrath - The True American Spirit1137 Words   |  5 PagesThe True American Spirit of The Grapes of Wrath    John Steinbecks novel, The Grapes of Wrath is an excellent portrayal of the common and true Americans. 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Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Trade and Investment for Policy Uncertainty

Question: Discuss about the Trade and Investment for Policy Uncertainty. Answer: Introduction: Diversification is considered to be a crucial aspect in decisions related to investment as it assists investors in reducing the risk of loss and enhance chances for maximisation of profits. For a safe or moderate investment, investors are required to keep their money in the stock market as well as in treasury bonds to balance risk and security aspects in investment options (Bloom, 2014). Further, cash in hand is kept to avail market opportunities to earn extraordinary profits. For diversification, it is essential to allocate an optimum percentage to equities, Treasury bonds and cash in U.S. macro economy. This percentage is required to be determined on the basis of macroeconomic factors. In accordance with the study of Reilly Keith (2007), in the U.S. economy return from equities outperforms treasury bonds in terms of return but a similar concept is applied to risk. However; in various situations, stock equities provide negative returns which make investment highly risky. US economy is the worlds largest economy which provides stable economic market to invest. With the increasing inflation and GDP there is increase in interest rate which makes safe investment option more beneficial. Growth in economic data can be noticed through following table: Data shows that higher proportion in equity will be beneficial as market is growing and valuable opportunities are available for investment. Analysis of U.S. macro economy shows that average annual portfolio return is 7% by considering the trend of past years. Henceforth, target return of portfolio should be equivalent to 7% or higher than that (Handley Limao, 2015). Further, annualised return of treasury bills is 1.02%. These rate of return shows that higher proportion should be in equity option to get positive value. Although, to froze secure amount part of amount will be invested in treasury bills. The aggregate portfolio of the investor will have a higher proportion of stock equity and treasuries. In stock equity, investment will be made by considering companies listed on stock exchange and five stock options will be considered on the basis of their performance. With this option, the systematic risk as well unsystematic risk will be managed. Equity will cover a maximum percentage of stock equity as it is highly profitable, but it will be risk-oriented. 60% of the investment will be allocated to this option (Bodie, 2013). Further, 30% of the amount will be invested in holdings of U.S. Treasury and related securities. In this investment option, supreme usage of zero-coupon securities and discount treasuries will be made for the minimisation of the risk in order to assure the availability of invested amount. 10% of the amount will be kept as cash reserve as sudden ups and downs occur in the stock market. By considering this fact, this portion of the investment will be free to be utilised in quick decisions. On the basis of the present study; allocation of the amount to be invested is as follows: Investment options Proportions U.S. equities 60% U.S. Treasury bonds 30% Cash 10% By this allocation, the investor will be able to maximise return with minimum risk. In addition to this, the investor will be in a position to avail market opportunities to earn extraordinary profits. This study concludes that each investment option has its own significance which is required to be considered by investor while making such decisions. References Bloom, N. (2014). Fluctuations in uncertainty. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 28(2), 153-175. Bodie, Z. (2013). Investments. McGraw-Hill. Handley, K., Limao, N. (2015). Trade and investment under policy uncertainty: theory and firm evidence. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 7(4), 189-222. Reilly, F. K., Keith C. B., (2007). Introduction to Security Valuation. Equity and Fixed Income CFA Program Curriculum. 5 (p. 264). Boston: CFA Institute. U.S. Economic Outlook, (2017). Available through https://www.focus-economics.com/countries/united-states. [Accessed on 10th April 2017].

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Creativity and Innovation

Question: Write an essay ondistinction between creativity and innovation. Answer: Though there lacks a clear distinction between creativity and innovation, several researchers have tried to identify some differences. Creativity is defined as the ability to develop work that is both original and useful. Creativity occurs as a result of interaction between the socio-cultural context and the human thoughts. Creativity has been regarded as the response to the continuous resourcefulness and innovation that has been made necessary by the need for economic survival. Innovation on the other hand is defined as the process of implementing the original and appropriate ideas. Business innovation involves harnessing of the creative ability of processes and people within an organization in response to the market and customer demands (MacAdam et al, 2004). Ramstad (2009) has stated that the leaders in any organization are responsible to assemble teams and lead them to the optimal performance outcomes. Besides that, creativity is defined as the potentiality to develop works that are useful as well as original. However, it can be stated that several research works have revealed the fact that there exist a wide gap between the aspirations of the executives to innovate and their potentiality to execute. Therefore, it can be stated that the organizational structures as well as the processes are never the solutions. This research work has tried to shed light on importance of leadership that contributes in innovative and creativity in the selected organization, i.e. Oman Insurance Company. Creativity and innovation plays an important role in the organization which includes: improved ability to respond to the ever customer needs, it leads to creation of competitive advantage in an organization through technological innovations, possibility of costs savings in an organization and improvement of processes and quality of products or services. Perhaps one of the greatest importance of creativity and innovation in an organization is the ability they offer to an organization to manage to survive in the dynamic markets and the uncertain external environment. The competitive environments will demand for to strengthen or develop a creative and innovation process through stimulating a change in the organization culture. Innovation will also increase employee motivation in an organization through their empowerment and the freedom they are granted to engage in creative activities. Innovation increases productivity in an organization by encouraging employees to think outside the box in developing cost effective solutions and viable business projects (Ramstad, 2009). This report aims at analyzing three important elements in an organization to determine whether they promote or hinder creativity in an organization. The elements include: organization climate, leadership and the HRM function. Interactionist theory by Woodman and componential theory by Amabile will be used in analyzing the above components. Organization climate An individuals social environment may have significant effect on the levels of their intrinsic motivation which will in turn have an influence on their creativity. Organization climate relates to the recurring patterns of behavior portrayed in the day to day organization environment as understood, interpreted and experienced by members of that organization. These perceptions have an influence on their behaviors, feelings and attitudes towards creativity. Most organizations fail to foster conditions that encourage individuals to ignite change in a bid to maintain their status quo. The employee cognitive styles are heavily influenced by their creative performance as determined the research reports, supervisor ratings and invention disclosure forms (Shalley et al, 2015). From the company profile, it can be stated that this company is one of the leading insurance companies in the Middle East, headquarter in Dubai, UAE. The vision of the company is to develop superior insurance propositions that the customers would recommend to the friends and family and the shareholders seek for the long-term returns. From the recent news and updates, it can be stated that the leadership in the company is strong enough and this exceptional leadership contributes in innovative and creative ideas in the organization. It can be stated that the company has operated across most Emirates in the United Arab Emirates as well as in Oman and has been planning to expand the business as well in different parts (Tameen.ae 2016). From a social interactionist approach, the problem solving styles in an organization and the work group relationships that exist in that organization may directly or indirectly have an influence on the perception of an individual on the climate for creativity and innovation. Based on this, it means that an employees creative behavior can be regarded as the product of an interaction system that exists among the employee, their work group, social influences, climate for innovation and their leaders. This means that each of those component of the system can either enhance or hinder creativity in an organization (Woodman et al, 1993). Isaksen and Laurer (2002) argue that work groups can be a barrier to creativity by creation of fears that hinder creativity such as social embarrassment and ridicule among the employees as they try to raise their opinions. The systems that hinder creativity include rigid organization structures, inflexible procedures and policies and organization cultures t hat believe in playing by the rules. Employees may also lack the desire to share knowledge in an organization which hinders knowledge transfer that is essential in a creativity process. Leadership The dispositional characteristics and behaviors of organization leaders may have a huge influence on the innovation process. Amabiles (1988) componential model suggests that an organization is motivated to innovate if their leadership places high value on innovation and supports employees orientation to risk taking rather than advocating for a status quo. They leadership has to take a proactive approach to positive change introduced by creativity and provide necessary resources required by the employees to support their creativity and innovation process. Such resources include: financial resources, technological resources, training, and sufficient time to research and improve on their ideas. Amabile (1998) is of the idea that managers can kill employees creativity by setting tight deadlines for projects which results to them not having enough time to explore which in the end hampers their creativity process. They also refuse to allocate enough resources especially the financial and t echnological resources required in a creativity process. Some managers may also fail to acknowledge innovative efforts and will only be concerned with the outcomes. She further suggests that elements in management such as political problems, destructive critique, surplus of formal procedures and structures, strict controls and competition within an organization undermine creativity among the employees. It can be stated that business success in the 21st century exists in the potentiality to lead creativity and innovate. Unlocking creative potential is the major part to the economic growth and still very few CEOs opined that their corporation is good at creativity. Therefore, it can be stated that Oman Insurance Company is one of the leading corporations that focuses on appropriate leadership that has assisted the company to expand successfully and achieve noticeable economic growth. The leaders motivate the employees and arrange some effective training programs for them, so that they reach the set target easily. Apart from that, it can be stated that leaders morally motivate the employees largely and this motivates the employees to trust themselves enough to trust others (Kim and Yoon 2015). At Google, innovativeness is termed as a quality of its leaders. The leaders there minimize the obstacles to innovation, serve as facilitators to the innovation process, they maintain communication with their employees, play the role of cultural ambassadors and connectors and empower and trust their employees. The leaders acts as role models and set the vision of the organization and encourage their employees to work towards it. Google believes that any leader at Google should be born with a set of values that are in line with the organizations corporate values. The leaders therefore are at the fore-front of encouraging creativity and innovation which is among the values of the company (Steiber Alange, 2013). Human resource management HRM can either hinder or promote creativity and innovation in an organization through the staffing practices, motivation techniques and organizing practices. In their research Jiang et al (2012) found out that job design which is a product of HRM can either hinder or promote creativity. Job designs that increased employee autonomy and focused on empowerment had a positive influence on the motivation for creativity. Further job rotation and flexible working hours were found to increase innovations in the organization especially technological innovations. On the issue of staffing practices, HRM will be responsible for attracting, recruiting, developing and retaining that are creative and innovative. Failure to achieve this means that the department is creating hindrances to the creativity and innovativeness in that organization. They must adopt human resource planning to be able to identify gaps that exists in the organization relating to competences and skills in a given area in order to be able to attract and recruit employees that can successfully fill those gaps. A human resource department that does not ensure diversity in attracting and recruiting their staff risks being a barrier to creativity in an organization because they miss out on knowledge sharing brought by employees from different backgrounds (Jimenez-Jimenez Sanz-Valle, 2008). According to Li et al (2006), Oman Insurance Company has implemented a unique and broad CII training program for its employees. This program includes in-house learning sessions with CII experts, sharing of course related materials via online and mock exams. The primary goals of these courses are to distribute two types of certificates to the qualified candidates. Those two types of certificates are Award in General Insurance and Certificate in Insurance. The above-mentioned general insurance course is for those employees who are willing to start their careers in insurance sector. This course will help those employees to establish a general understanding of insurance principles, procedures, rules and regulations. According to Steiber and Alange, (2013), the Senior Manager of Learning and Development of Oman Insurance Company said that this training program received enormous support from the employees as more than 150 registrations were submitted and over 100 employees completed this c ourse. Therefore, it is clear that the organization is strengthening its insurance expertise by not only improving and enhancing its technical systems but also by supporting its employees to complete the insurance certificate course via Chartered Insurance Institute (CII). There is no doubt that it is an innovative and creative step taken by the organization to improve the performances of its employees and the performance of the organization. Conclusion The interactionist model establishes that organization environment if not properly managed can be the greatest barrier to creativity. Organization environment can be a barrier through the existence of work groups in an organization that do not value knowledge transfer and ridicule creative efforts from a creative employee which results to them developing fears to innovate. Organization environment may also be a barrier through bureaucratic organization structures that are rigid and not open to new ideas that may change the status quo of the organization. Such structures introduce inflexible policies and procedures and organization cultures that hinder creativity. Componential model on the other hand suggests that an organization is motivated to innovate if their leadership places high value on innovation and supports employees orientation to risk taking rather than advocating for a status quo. They are supposed to be role models to creativity and develop visions that are geared by in novation as evidenced in the case study of Google. However, from the study it is clear that the leaders of the organization are supporting the creativity and innovation in their Oman Insurance Company. Supporting innovation is the primary job of the leaders and the leaders of the mentioned organization are doing this thing accurately. On the other hand, Oman Insurance Company has also implemented innovative and creative ideas in their human resource department by implementing certification procedures from CII. Recommendation Following the componential approach by Amabile, organizations can foster creativity through offering encouragement to their employees, formation of work support groups, offering the employees freedom in their jobs, providing sufficient resources to their employees, challenging and motivating the employees to be creative and offering supervisory encouragement to their employees. The work groups facilitate utilization of problem solving techniques that foster creativity in an organization. Such techniques include brainstorming and creative problem solving (CPS). Brainstorming encourages creativity by allowing the exploration of rich ideas that exist among individuals. It also discourages critiquing of ideas which helps eliminate fear as a barrier to individual creativity. CPS on the other hand advocates for generation of unusual and diverse ideas in the initial stages of challenge and solutions identification. It encourages breaking down of a problem to understand it and generation of creative ideas to solve the problem (Mumford, 2012). Martins and Martins (2002) developed a model that would enhance creativity in an organization. With the help of Amabiles approach, the Oman Insurance company can improve their training involvements of employees by which their creativity can be fostered. For motivation, the company should offer them support groups. The work support groups can help employees to foster problem solving techniques through which employees creativity in the organization. The Oman insurance company is involving a well-planned training for their employees; however, problem solving techniques includes CPS, as discussed previously, if involved in the training program, the employees would be more efficient to solve problems by their own. Another recommendation for the company is to involve reward system in the work settings. The reward system is the most efficient system which helps to motivate employees and thereby fostering their creativity and innovative skills. Involvement of a reward system for the employee performed best in a particular session; therefore, the employee would attempt to perform better in the next session. Other recommendation for the company is to involve the feedback analysis, the feedback would be collected from the team leader and colleagues and based on which the performance of the employees would be evaluated. Based on the feedback collected, the employee would attend the specific person-centered training schedules. References Amabile, TM 1998, 'How To Kill Creativity. Harvard Business Review, 76, 5, pp. 76-87, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 21 April 2016. Amabile, Teresa. 1993. A Model of Creativity and Innovation in Organizations. In Research in Organizational Behavior. B. M. Staw and L.L. Cummings (eds.). Vol 10: Pp. 123-167 Isaksen, S.G. Lauer, K.J. (2002). The Climate for Creativity and Change in Teams. Creativity and Innovation Management, 11(1); 74-86. Jimnez-Jimnez, D. Sanz-Valle, R. (2008). Could HRM support organizational innovation?. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19:7. 1208-1221 Jiang, J., Wang, S. Zhao, S. (2012). Does HRM facilitate employee creativity and organizational innovation? A study of Chinese firms. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23:9, 4025-4047 Kim, S, Yoon, G 2015, 'An Innovation-Driven Culture in Local Government: Do Senior Managers Transformational Leadership and the Climate for Creativity Matter?', Public Personnel Management, 44, 2, pp. 147-168, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 21 April 2016 Li, Y., Zhao, Y. Liu, Y. (2006). The relationship between HRM, technology innovation and performance in China. International Journal of Manpower, 27:7, 679-697 MacAdam, R., Reid, R.S. Gibson, D.A. (2004). Innovation and Organisational Size inIrish SMEs: An Empirical Study. International Journal of InnovationManagement, 8(2);p 147-165. Martins, E., Martins, N. (2002). An organisational culture model to promote creativity and innovation. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology SA J Ind Psychol,28(4). doi:10.4102/sajip.v28i4.71 Mumford, M. D. (2012). Handbook of organizational creativity. London: Elsevier/Academic Press. Ramstad, E 2009, 'Expanding innovation system and policy - an organisational perspective', Policy Studies, 30, 5, pp. 533-553, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 20 April 2016 Shalley, C. E., Hitt, M. A., Zhou, J. (2015). The Oxford handbook of creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press Steiber, A. and Alange, S. (2013), A corporate system for continuous innovation: the case of Google Inc, Journal of Innovation Management, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 243-264. Woodman, R, Sawyer, J, Griffin, R 1993, 'TOWARD A THEORY OF ORGANIZATIONAL CREATIVITY', Academy Of Management Review, 18, 2, pp. 293-321, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 20 April 2016.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Role Of Colour In Impressionism Essays - Optical Spectrum, Rainbow

Role Of Colour In Impressionism In this essay, I shall try to examine how great a role colour played in the evolution of Impressionism. Impressionism in itself can be seen as a linkage in a long chain of procedures, which led the art to the point it is today. In order to do so, colour in Impressionism needs to be placed within an art-historical context for us to see more clearly the role it has played in the evolution of modern painting. In the late eighteenth century, for example, ancient Greek and Roman examples provided the classical sources in art. At the same time, there was a revolt against the formalism of Neo-Classicism. The accepted style was characterised by appeal to reason and intellect, with a demand for a well-disciplined order and restraint in the work. The decisive Romantic movement emphasized the individuals right in self-expression, in which imagination and emotion were given free reign and stressed colour rather than line; colour can be seen as the expression for emotion, whereas line is the expr ession of rationality. Their style was painterly rather than linear; colour offered a freedom that line denied. Among the Romanticists who had a strong influence on Impressionism were Joseph Mallord William Turner and Eug?ne Delacroix. In Turners works, colour took precedence over the realistic portrayal of form; Delacroix led the way for the Impressionists to use unmixed hues. The transition between Romanticism and Impressionism was provided by a small group of artists who lived and worked at the village of Barbizon. Their naturalistic style was based entirely on their observation and painting of nature in the open air. In their natural landscape subjects, they paid careful attention to the colourful expression of light and atmosphere. For them, colour was as important as composition, and this visual approach, with its appeal to emotion, gradually displaced the more studied and forma, with its appeal to reason. Impressionism grew out of and followed immediately after the Barbizon school. A distinctive feature of the work of the Impressionists was the application of paint in touches of mostly pure colour rather than blended; their pictures appeared more luminous and colourful even than the work of Delacroix, from whom they had learned the technique. To the modern eye, the accepted paintings of the salon artists of the day seem pale and dull. Like the paintings of the Barbizon school, much of their painting was done outdoors, in an attempt to capture the fleeting impression of the play of light at a certain moment. The first Impressionist Exhibition was held in 1874. Prominent among the Impressionists were Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, Camille Pissarro, Paul C?zanne, Eug?ne Boudin, and Gustave Caillebotte. Impressionism is thought to be the fruit of the scientific thought and research of the nineteenth century . One of the principles of the movement was that they substituted the natural chiaroscuro of the colour that was based on the solar spectrum for one that was based more on tones of black and white. It was this principle that has affected painting ever since and most profoundly . It was accompanied by the shock of discovering something new, although earlier paintings, such as those of the Barbizon School had been heading towards the same direction. Most people, even today, relate light with the colour white and darkness with black. Painters of the past have used black in an effort to dim a specific colour, and white to order to lighten it. Scientific knowledge has left us with a complete understanding of how the human eye works, and optics has given painters the opportunity to manipulate light more effortlessly. Thus, we have learnt that white light can be resolved into a scale of colours ranging from violet to red, that black is the reversal of the colour due to its ability to absorb all rays of colour, and that pure white and black exist only in theory . Even a surface that appears to be white to us has the slightest tint of yellow, purple or red; likewise, even the dimmest black has tints of colour in it. It was the awareness of all these details that led the Impressionists into excluding black from their

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Antz essays

Antz essays In the movie Antz, the producers tied many governmental issues into the story. The colony was led like a communist country, an aristocracy, and had a totalitarianism setup. Communism, for example, was a major part of the story. The government dictated the entire colony and every aspect of the ants lives. Aristocracy was another governmental issue that was part of the movie. The Queen had the final say in all issues in the colony and she had all of the wealth. The ant colony was totalitarianistic, also, for there was a big strong central government, which decided everything for the workers and military ants. General Mandible led the military with an iron fist, and led the army into a coup detat. When the coup began, the soldier ants then became juntas; soldiers involved in a coup, along with Cutter, Mandibles right hand man. The ant colony government strongly disagreed with Z and his individualism because it led other people to think for themselves instead of getting blindly led by the Queen and General Mandible. Zs individualistic views created chaos in the government. This movie showed many of the governments that are throughout the world, including old Great Britain, Russia, China, and even the United States of America. Using ants, they were also able to show how individualism belongs to everyone and that you must fight for your right to do as you please, as long as it is not hindering someone elses freedom. ...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Inductive and deductive reasoning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Inductive and deductive reasoning - Essay Example They act as a form of representation of the people at work (Brock &Â  Lipsky, 2003). These unions seem like a better place for the public workers to engage in collective bargaining in order to gain their fundamental needs. Over the last years, there have existed a number of key transformations in the economy and the industries. A large number of people are either without employment or they toil under the continuous intimidation of joblessness. These groups act on most cases on behalf of the union members. Through the management of the unions, the associates are able to pass their claims and needs to their employer as one voice (Cihon & Castagnera, 2011). This brings up the system of collective bargaining in that the union takes up the role of negotiating with the employer in order for them to offer a good deal to the workers. These forms of collective bargaining are aimed at coming to a point that the working state of the employees is regulated. The old, working outlines have been f orgotten. People are now working under different conditions, like short term contracts, temporary or part-time (Brock &Â  Lipsky, 2003). ... A single employer cannot have control on some of the most crucial characteristics of their lives, for example, their working place. However, when the public workers get an opportunity to join the unions, they gain an upper hand in accomplishing democracy in the workplace. Their voice as one influences the founding of the regulations that have power over them (Cihon & Castagnera, 2011). Deductive reasoning is a form of research that works from a universal point of view to a precise point. On the other hand, inductive reasoning works in the converse way it moves from definite examination to broader overview (Wiley, 2013). Argument The workers undergo difficult problems, and they are not in a position to raise their concerns to the managers. These ranges from low payment, practices of labor that are exceedingly poor, unsafe working conditions and tough policies et cetera. In other occasions, the employer may become hostile to the workers and because the personnel are under the manager t hey have no power to complain as individuals (Brock &Â  Lipsky, 2003). Majority of the workforce has been pushing for union representation (Brock &Â  Lipsky, 2003). They want to be represented in the negotiations that look upon their wages, working hours and other conditions that align with their employment; like safety from sucking without good reason (Wiley, 2013). The union will ensure that each employer has equal rights in their workplace as others. It shall ensure prosperity in the livelihood of people. This protects the wellbeing and offers security to the staff. There will be fairness in order for the nation to develop (Wiley, 2013). According to Brock &Â  Lipsky (2003), Public